sabato 24 settembre 2011

SCOPERTA STREPITOSA - NEUTRINO PIU' VELOCE DELLA LUCE- RIVOLUZIONE IN FISICA

GINEVRA (Reuters) - Scienziati di tutto il mondo ritengono che la scoperta di particelle sub-atomiche apparentemente in grado di viaggiare più veloce della luce potrebbe portare ad un ripensamento delle teorie sulla composizione del cosmo, ma che lo studio deve prima essere confermato in maniera indipendente. "Affermazioni straordinarie hanno bisogno di prove straordinarie, e questa è un'affermazione straordinaria", ha detto l'eminente cosmologo e astrofisico Matrin Rees a Reuters. L'istituto di ricerca Cern di Ginevra ha detto che le misurazioni fatte negli ultimi tre anni hanno dimostrato che i neutrini sparati in un ricevitore nel Gran Sasso, in Italia, sono arrivati 60 nanosecondi prima di quanto avrebbe fatto la luce -- una piccola differenza che però potrebbe minare la teoria della relatività, formulata da Albert Einstein nel 1905.
"E' prematuro fare commenti", ha detto a Reuters Stephen Hawking, il fisico più famoso al mondo. "C'è bisogno di altri esperimenti e altre verifiche". Jenny Thomas, che lavora sui neutrini all'istituto Fermilab vicino a Chicago, negli Usa, ha commentato: "L'impatto di queste misurazioni, se confermato, sarebbe enorme". Geoffrey Hall dell'Imperial College di Londra, che ha lavorato al Cern, ha detto che le implicazioni dei risultati sarebbero profonde, e potrebbero cambiare "una parte fondamentale della nostra cultura scientifica". Il direttore della ricerca del Cern Sergio Bertolucci ha detto che se le scoperte dovessero essere confermate -- e almeno due laboratori cominceranno probabilmente a lavorare su questo separatamente -- "questo potrebbe cambiare il nostro punto di vista sulla fisica". Un alto grado di cautela è normale nella scienza, dove ogni possibile scoperta rivoluzionaria, soprattutto quando ribalta il pensiero consolidato, viene sempre testata e ri-testata dai ricercatori. Una scoperta di questo tipo comporterebbe una rivoluzione nella fisica paragonabile a quella causata dalla pubblicazione di Einstein della sua teoria della relatività.


Particles found to break speed of light, challenging laws of physics




Finding could overturn laws of physics
Scientists confident measurements correct
An international team of scientists says it has recorded sub-atomic particles travelling faster than light - a finding that could overturn one of Albert Einstein's long-accepted fundamental laws of the universe.
Antonio Ereditato, spokesman for the researchers, said that measurements taken over three years showed neutrinos pumped from CERN near Geneva to Gran Sasso in Italy had arrived 60 nanoseconds quicker than light would have done.
Advertisement: Story continues below"We have high confidence in our results. We have checked and rechecked for anything that could have distorted our measurements but we found nothing," he said. "We now want colleagues to check them independently."
If confirmed, the discovery would undermine Einstein's 1905 theory of special relativity, which says that the speed of light is a "cosmic constant" and that nothing in the universe can travel faster.
That assertion, which has withstood over a century of testing, is one of the key elements of the so-called Standard Model of physics, which attempts to describe the way the universe and everything in it works.
The totally unexpected finding emerged from research by a physicists working on an experiment dubbed OPERA run jointly by the CERN particle research centre near Geneva and the Gran Sasso Laboratory in central Italy.
A total of 15,000 beams of neutrinos - tiny particles that pervade the cosmos - were fired over a period of 3 years from CERN towards Gran Sasso 730 kilometres away, where they were picked up by giant detectors.
Light would have covered the distance in around 2.4 thousandths of a second, but the neutrinos took 60 nanoseconds - or 60 billionths of a second - less than light beams would have taken.
"It is a tiny difference," said Ereditato, who also works at Berne University in Switzerland, "but conceptually it is incredibly important. The finding is so startling that, for the moment, everybody should be very prudent."
Ereditato declined to speculate on what it might mean if other physicists, who will be officially informed of the discovery at a meeting in CERN on Friday, found that OPERA's measurements were correct.
"I just don't want to think of the implications," he said. "We are scientists and work with what we know."
Much science-fiction literature is based on the idea that, if the light-speed barrier can be overcome, time travel might theoretically become possible.
The existence of the neutrino, an elementary sub-atomic particle with a tiny amount of mass created in radioactive decay or in nuclear reactions such as those in the Sun, was first confirmed in 1934, but it still mystifies researchers.
It can pass through most matter undetected, even over long distances, and without being affected. Millions pass through the human body every day, scientists say.
To reach Gran Sasso, the neutrinos pushed out from a special installation at CERN - also home to the Large Hadron Collider probing the origins of the universe - have to pass through water, air and rock.
The underground Italian laboratory, some 120 kilometres to the south of Rome, is the largest of its type in the world for particle physics and cosmic research.
Around 750 scientists from 22 different countries work there, attracted by the possibility of staging experiments in its three massive halls, protected from cosmic rays by some 1400 metres of rock overhead.
Reuters


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